Letters From My Grandmother

Having virtually grown up inside a library, my grandmother lived her life as if it were a novel.

Our family has never been very ‘normal’. We’ve never quite managed to blend in, to exist without the eccentricities that define us.

In a way, it all began with my grandmother. Born into a Bengali-Hindu family in Bangladesh on the eve of India’s independence, she saw her house destroyed by angry protestors and her family name, town, and occupation changed within a week.

Being a refugee in her own country, she narrowly avoided the Partition riots and settled in a village in Nagaland where she had to face the occasional casteist comments. She was a cautious, paranoid and deeply lonely child. Her father – the closest person to her – in his position as a lieutenant colonel in the Indian Army, often forgot about the general existence of his family and preferred to be posted across the subcontinent for different missions.

In the midst of these changes, the giant library in their house became a sanctuary for my grandmother – a place to make time fly until her father arrived. The love of books that she developed there has been passed down generations, making an imprint on every member of our small family tree.

My grandmother’s life was a collection of novels. Her husband, a newspaper editor, made it his life’s mission to turn their apartment in Kohima into a library, filling shelves to the point where they sagged. A writer himself, my grandma’s husband loved books truly and completely. Sometimes, I think, he loved the books more than he loved his wife. In this love, more than in any other, they were united.


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But my grandmother did not simply read books or love them. She lived in them. She was a thousand pages at once: a librarian, a model, a struggling woman from a Dickens’ novel, a criminal on the run, an unrequited lover, a mother of two, and a widow. Like the characters, she grew up and aged within the novels. You could see her in the smudged ink, in the woody smell of the brittle pages. Her heels were as sharp as her tongue, her watercolour pencil makeup always in place.

Like the hero in an epic, she seemed invincible, and although her name was not Mary Sue, she became her. She lived in the dog-eared pages and the underlined paragraphs, in the marks that others left in the stories she shared with them.

Her children grew up differently, though. A lawyer and a journalist, they both examined sentences with a magnifying glass, losing sight of metaphors along the way. They dismantled the castles in the air and tried to turn a world of imagination into a world of reality. For them, there were no games.

Ever since she got married, grandma had wanted to write a book, a novel perhaps, something that would serve as a testimony to her existence. But every time the opportunity rose, she refused to finish the work out of fear of the neighbourhood misogynists and supremacists. The clock kept ticking though, and while my grandmother stuttered through half-formed words, her husband kept her connected to life. He accumulated all the paper notes that she’d studiously written over the years and kept them safe in a locker so that not even she could not destroy them.

After a decade of arguments and torn out chapters, the pages were spread out on the carpet and my grandfather was in a grave. Cancer did not care about lost opportunities. Even now, she does not talk about him. The words never leave her mouth and they cannot be found inscribed on any piece of paper. There are glimpses, but only as disguised puns and jokes, like an introduction to a book that was never written.

§

And so the wind picked up. The pages fluttered. After my grandfather’s death, grandma packed her luggage and took the train all the way to Kolkata, holding on to her bags the way a scared child clings to a pillow at night. For the first time in 40 years, she was going to live alone. She would need a job, but she spoke no English and her Bengali was heavily accented. She was terrified.

The stars do not smile on us mortals often, but sometimes they snicker. On her fourth day in the city, grandma found work at a local psychiatric hospital. After a lifetime of meandering inside the paperback world, it was now her turn to become the storyteller. Her job was to read out inspiring tales to PTSD patients and encourage them to write and share stories of their own.

She took her work seriously and within a few years, she’d become a different person. She sat straighter, almost as though she was afraid of becoming a sagging bookshelf that nobody ever touches out of fear of it breaking. Despite the weight of a foreign culture on her shoulders, she smiled calmly at unfamiliar faces and went about telling the stories.


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After a lifetime of novels, she became a magazine. A Bengali bride. A crossword, a joke, a laugh escaping from stranger’s mouth, a newspaper headline. In Kolkata, she wanted nothing more than a simple, quiet existence, and her life story there was reduced from a dramatic tale spread across three states, involving Partition riots, giant libraries and a dead spouse, to a simple love story, an office romance forged by convenience.

Her new husband has no library. His name is not Marty Stu, but he is perfect. He loves her, even though he is unable to read the words and can only look at the illustrations. He loves her not for the witty quotes, but for the chapters. He cannot read, but he knows that novels are not meant to be summarised into paragraphs and put away out of sight. They are meant to be breathed in, to be injected into your bloodstream until their stories mix with yours, until the words blur and smudge together, until the pages have been read a thousand times. He knows. He tries.

The great thing about books is that there’s always more to find. My grandmother is now a bilingual, an immigrant, a gardener, a cook and occasionally even a shopkeeper.

“If your life was a novel, would you read it?” she would ask me. She has always had a way with words.

§

I lay back in the chair and fold the piece of paper.  My hand moves on autopilot as I open the drawer and put the letter into a folder called ‘Grandma’. We had been exchanging letters for over two years now, and even though the possibility of emails always remained open, the handwritten words seem to add authenticity to her voice.

I had numbered them so far, so I know today’s letter is No. 28. One day, I think, I will publish these letters. I will preserve her voice and put it in print so that others can finally read the painstakingly lived letters and understand all the confusion, loneliness, heartbreak and joy that she has been through. So that somebody else’s eyes can ghost over the paragraphs of her life.

Novels, after all, are meant to be shared.

Shagnik Chakravarty is an undergraduate student from St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai.

Featured image credit: Debby Hudson/Unsplash

Pneumonia Kills a Child Every 39 Seconds, Health Agencies Say

Nigeria, India, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ethiopia accounted for more than half the children who died of pneumonia last year.

London: Pneumonia killed more than 800,000 babies and young children last year – or one child every 39 seconds – despite being curable and mostly preventable, global health agencies said on Tuesday.

Berkeley Medical Center Laboratory Manager Tambry Harvey displays the Klebsiella pneumonia organism in Martinsburg, West Virginia, U.S., December 7, 2016. Photo: Reuters/Gary Cameron/File Photo

In a report on what they described as a “forgotten epidemic”, the United Nations children’s fund UNICEF, the international charity Save The Children and four other health agencies urged governments to step up investment in vaccines to prevent the disease and in health services and medicines to treat it.

“The fact that this preventable, treatable and easily diagnosed disease is still the world’s biggest killer of young children is frankly shocking,” said Seth Berkley, chief executive of the GAVI vaccines alliance.

Pneumonia is a lung disease that can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Its victims have to fight for breath as their lungs fill with pus and fluid.

It can be prevented with vaccines, and treated with antibiotics and – in severe cases – with oxygen, but in poorer countries, access to these is often limited.

Nigeria, India, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ethiopia accounted for more than half the children who died of pneumonia last year – most of them babies who had not reached their second birthday.

“Millions of children are dying for want of vaccines, affordable antibiotics, and routine oxygen treatment,” said Kevin Watkins, chief executive of Save the Children. “This is a forgotten global epidemic that demands an urgent international response.”

The report said pneumonia causes 15% of deaths in under-5s, but accounts for only 3% of spending on research into infectious diseases, lagging far behind other diseases such as malaria.

(Reuters)

Two of Three Wild Poliovirus Strains Eradicated: WHO

The last case of polio type 3 was detected in northern Nigeria in 2012, and global health officials have since been conducting intense surveillance to ensure it has gone.

London: Global health officials will on Thursday announce a partial victory in the decades-long fight to end polio, with a second of three strains of the crippling virus certified as eradicated worldwide.

The ending of wild poliovirus type 3 – also known as WPV3 – will be the third human disease-causing pathogen to be eradicated in history, after smallpox was declared wiped out in 1980 and wild poliovirus type 2 (WPV2) in 2015.

Polio spreads in vulnerable populations in areas where there is no immunity and sanitation is poor. It invades the nervous system and can cause irreversible paralysis within hours.

It cannot be cured, but infection can be prevented by vaccination – and a dramatic reduction in case numbers worldwide in recent decades has been largely due to intense national and regional immunisation campaigns in babies and children.

The last case of polio type 3 was detected in northern Nigeria in 2012, and global health officials have since been conducting intense surveillance to ensure it has gone.

“With no wild poliovirus type 3 detected anywhere in the world since 2012, the Global Commission for the Certification of Poliomyelitis Eradication is anticipated to officially declare this strain as globally eradicated,” the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) said in a statement.

The success in ending type 3 means that only type 1 of the wild virus is still circulating and causing infections.

Polio type 1 is endemic in two countries – Afghanistan and Pakistan – but efforts to wipe it out have faced setbacks in the past two years.

After reaching a historic low of only 22 cases of wild polio infection in 2017, the virus has caused 72 cases in Pakistan and Afghanistan already this year – pushing back yet further the potential date for the world to wipe polio out altogether.

The first target date for ending polio was set in 1988 by the GPEI, a partnership of the World Health Organisation, the health charity Rotary International and others, which had aimed to eradicate it by 2000.

GPEI said, however, that this week’s declaration of the end of WPV3 was a “significant milestone”, while Carol Pandak, director of Rotary’s PolioPlus program, said it proves that a polio-free world is achievable. “Even as the polio program addresses major challenges, we’re making important headway in other areas,” she said.

Breakthrough Ebola Trial in Congo Achieves 90% Survival Rate

Two experimental drugs were developed using antibodies harvested from survivors of Ebola infection.

London: Scientists are a step closer to finding the first effective treatments for the deadly Ebola haemorrhagic fever after two potential drugs showed survival rate of as much as 90% in a clinical trial in Congo.

Two experimental drugs – Regeneron’s <REGN.O> REGN-EB3 and a monoclonal antibody called mAb114 – were both developed using antibodies harvested from survivors of Ebola infection.

The treatments are now going to be offered to all patients in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), according to US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

They showed “clearly better” results in patients in a trial of four potential treatments being conducted during the world’s second largest Ebola outbreak in history, now entering its second year in DRC.

The drugs improved survival rates from the disease more than two other treatments being tested – ZMapp, made by Mapp Biopharmaceutical, and Remdesivir, made by Gilead Sciences <GILD.O> – and those products will be now dropped, said Anthony Fauci, one of the researchers co-leading the trial.

The agency said 49% of the patients on ZMapp and 53% on remdesivir died in the study. In comparison, 29% of the patients on REGN-EB3 and 34% on mAb-114 died.

Fauci, director of the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told reporters in a telebriefing the results were “very good news” for the fight against Ebola.

“What this means is that we do now have what look like (two) treatments for a disease for which not long ago we really had no approach at all,” he said.

The agency said of the patients who were brought into treatment centres with low levels of virus detected in their blood, 94% who got REGN-EB3 and 89% on mAb114 survived.

In comparison, two-third of the patients who got remdesivir and nearly three-fourth on ZMapp survived.

Also read | ARV Breakthrough: Trial in South Africa Confirms Effectiveness of New Drug

Ebola has been spreading in eastern Congo since August 2018 in an outbreak that has now become the second largest, killing at least 1,800 people. Efforts to control it have been hampered by militia violence and some local resistance to outside help.

A vast Ebola outbreak in West Africa become the world’s largest ever when it spread through Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone from 2013 to 2016 and killed more than 11,300 people.

The Congo treatment trial, which began in November last year, is being carried out by an international research group coordinated by the World Health Organisation (WHO).

Mike Ryan, head of the WHO’s emergencies programme, said the trial‘s positive findings were encouraging but would not be enough on their own to bring the epidemic to an end.

“The news today is fantastic. It gives us a new tool in our toolbox against Ebola, but it will not in itself stop Ebola,” he told reporters.

Jeremy Farrar, director of the Wellcome Trust global health charity, also hailed the success of the trial‘s findings, saying they would “undoubtedly save lives”.

“The more we learn about these two treatments, …the closer we can get to turning Ebola from a terrifying disease to one that is preventable and treatable,” he said in a statement.

“We won’t ever get rid of Ebola but we should be able to stop these outbreaks from turning into major national and regional epidemics.”

Some 681 patients at four separate treatment centres in Congo have already been enrolled in the Congo treatment clinical trial, Fauci said. The study aims to enrol a total of 725.

The decision to drop two of the trial drugs was based on data from almost 500 patients, he said, which showed that those who got REGN-EB3 or mAb114 “had a greater chance of survival compared to those participants in the other two arms”.

(Reuters)

Healthy Living May Help Offset Genetic Risk of Dementia: Study

People with high genetic risk and an unhealthy lifestyle were almost three times more likely to develop dementia than those with low genetic risk who also lived healthily.

London: Living healthily with a good diet and regular exercise may help people with a higher genetic susceptibility to dementia to offset the risk of developing it, according to recent research.

The risk of dementia was reduced by 32% in people with a high genetic risk if they had followed a healthy lifestyle, compared to those who had an unhealthy lifestyle, the study, published in the medical journal JAMA on Sunday, found.

People with high genetic risk and an unhealthy lifestyle were almost three times more likely to develop dementia than those with low genetic risk who also lived healthily.

“Our findings are exciting as they show that we can take action to try to offset our genetic risk for dementia,” said Elzbieta Kuzma, a researcher at the Britain’s University of Exeter who co-led the study.

Also read: My Psychedelic Trip Out of Depression

Dementia – a brain-wasting disease – affects around 50 million people globally, with nearly ten million new cases annually – a figure that is set to triple by 2050, according to the World Health Organisation.

Kuzma’s team analysed data from almost 197,000 adults of European ancestry who were aged 60 and older. They found 1,769 cases of dementia over a follow-up period of eight years and grouped those cases into people with high, medium and low genetic risks for dementia.

To assess lifestyle, the researchers looked at the participants’ self-reported diet, physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption.

Non-smokers who took regular exercise and had a good diet with moderate alcohol intake were considered to have the healthiest lifestyles – and these people were found to have reduced their risk whether they were in high, medium or low genetic risk groups.

Also read: One in Three Aged 15-50 in Delhi-NCR Addicted to Smoking: Survey

David Llewellyn, also of Exeter University, said the findings held an important message that undermined what he described as “a fatalistic view of dementia”.

“Some people believe it’s inevitable they’ll develop dementia because of their genetics,” he said. “(But) you may be able to substantially reduce your dementia risk by living a healthy lifestyle”.

(Reuters)

HPV Vaccine Has Significantly Cut Rate of Infections That Cause Cervical Cancer

Each year, more than 310,000 women die from cervical cancer, the vast majority of them in poorer countries where HPV immunisation coverage is low or non-existent.

London: Vaccination against the virus that causes almost all cervical cancer is having a major impact on stopping infections and should significantly reduce cases of the disease within a decade, researchers said on Wednesday.

Presenting results of an international analysis covering 60 million people in high-income countries, scientists from Britain and Canada said they found “strong evidence” that vaccination against the human papillomavirus (HPV) works “to prevent cervical cancer in realworld settings”.

“We’re seeing everything that we’d want to see. We’re seeing reductions in the key HPV infections that cause most cervical disease, and we’re seeing reductions in cervical disease,” said David Mesher, principal scientist at Public Health England, who worked on the research team.

Also read: Vaccines Make Adults, but Many Adults Still Deny the Science Around It

Marc Brisson, a specialist in infectious disease health economics at Canada’s Laval University who co-led the study, said the results suggested, “we should be seeing substantial reductions in cervical cancer in the next 10 years.”

HPV vaccines were first licensed in 2007 and have since then been adopted in at least 100 countries worldwide. Britain’s GSK makes an HPV vaccine called Cervarix, which targets two strains of the virus, while Merck makes a rival shot, Gardasil, which targets nine strains.

In countries with HPV immunisation programmes, the vaccines are usually offered to girls before they become sexually active to protect against cervical and other HPV-related cancers.

Brisson’s team gathered data on 60 million people over eight years from 65 separate studies conducted in 14 countries and pooled it to assess the vaccines impact.

Also read: Rwanda on Track to Become the First Country to Eliminate Cervical Cancer

They found that the two HPV types that cause 70% of cervical cancers – known as HPV 16 and HPV 18 – were significantly reduced after vaccination, with an 83% decline in infections in girls aged 13 to 19 and 66% drop in women aged 20 to 24 after five to eight years of vaccination.

Figures released in February by the World Health Organisation’s International Agency for Research on Cancer showed an estimated 570,000 new cases of cervical cancer were diagnosed worldwide in 2018, making it the fourth most common cancer in women globally.

Each year, more than 310,000 women die from cervical cancer, the vast majority of them in poorer countries where HPV immunisation coverage is low or non-existent.

Brisson urged governments in the most-affected countries to take note: “Our results show the vaccines are working – so I hope in the upcoming years we will …see rates of HPV vaccination increase in countries that need it most,” he said.

(Reuters)

Ebola’s Spread Shows How Science Needs Societies to Succeed

The current Ebola epidemic underscores the importance of trust in authority and accurate information in successfully controlling outbreaks of infectious diseases.

London: The persistence of Congo’s Ebola outbreak and its deadly spread to Uganda in recent days show how societal issues are as crucial as scientific advances in controlling disease outbreaks, specialists in global public health say.

Medical scientists, prompted by a devastating West African Ebola epidemic between 2013 and 2016, have worked fast to develop cutting edge vaccines, treatments and antibody-based therapies they hoped would prevent or halt future outbreaks of the virus. That includes an Ebola vaccine developed by Merck & Co Inc that proved more than 95 percent effective in clinical trials.

But the current Ebola outbreak has continued to spread relentlessly since it began in August 2018 in Democratic Republic Congo’s North Kivu province.

It has infected more than 2,000 people, killing at least 1,400 of them. And, in recent days, it reached Uganda, where several cases have been recorded, all in people who had come across the border from Congo.

Public health experts say this underscores the importance of factors beyond medicine – such as trust in authority, engagement and accurate information – in successfully controlling outbreaks of infectious diseases.

“Even in the presence of sensitive rapid testing, drugs and a vaccine, this Ebola outbreak has continued to burn on,” said Ian Mackay, a virologist and associate professor at the University of Queensland in Australia.

“The core drivers are all key human issues of trust, habits, fears and beliefs. That is the mix that now underpins the spread of any disease.”

Also read: Scientists Claim Drug Designed to Beat Ebola Also Fights Off Nipah

Social barriers

Those seeking ways to end the Congo Ebola outbreak’s longevity and persistence say the issues it raises go to the heart of what public health means in the 21st century for countries across the world, rich and poor.

The World Health Organisation cites mistrust of authorities in Congo, with attacks on healthcare workers and patients avoiding treatment centres, as major factor in the failure so far to contain the Ebola outbreak. Similarly, it cites anti-vaccine misinformation campaigns in the US, Ukraine and elsewhere as allowing measles to spread furiously among people who are fearful and confused.

Jeremy Farrar, director of the Wellcome Trust medical charity and a specialist in global health, draws parallels between the challenge of containing Ebola in Congo and issues elsewhere, such as the surge of cholera in Yemen and the spread of measles in Ukraine, the US and the Philippines.

The barriers are more social than scientific, he says.

“No public health can work without the support of the society it’s in. The science is clear in all of these things, but unless it has not just tacit support, but engaged support, then public health really struggles,” Farrar said.

Also read: Where Does Ebola Hide Between Epidemics?

A key factor has been greater international travel, and the increased information sharing that comes with it. That is “a double-edged sword”, says Daniel Bausch, director of the UK public health rapid support team and an expert on the Ebola virus.

While improved communication flows can help public health authorities track diseases and spread messages to people about how to protect themselves, greater access to a vast range of information can make the public become more sceptical of authority and can spread misinformation, including about vaccines, Bausch said.

“There is so much information flowing, it gets very difficult to pick out the truth. This is not unique to Ebola or Africa — it’s a global problem,” Bausch said.

WHO workers prepare a centre for vaccination during the launch of a campaign aimed at beating an outbreak of Ebola in the port city of Mbandaka, Democratic Republic of Congo May 21, 2018. Photo: Reuters/Kenny Katombe

Building Trust

Emmanuel André, a doctor and professor at Leuven University in Belgium who has been working with people in Congo affected by tuberculosis – another infectious disease – says the way to counter distrust is to engage with people directly affected by a disease or who have direct experience of a medicine to harness their experience.

“Medicine and public health have not yet learned how to deal with humility and mistakes,” he said.

How can we ask trust from the people in the North Kivu when political authorities, United Nations agencies and international NGOs have jointly failed to provide primary services – including health? How can we ask them to expect that these same actors now would be able to provide a solution?”

A study André conducted in Congo in 2014-2016 found in the detection of tuberculosis – a disease that can spread widely if people with it don’t come forward for treatment – training volunteer screeners from local communities, mainly people who had themselves been treated for TB or had a family history of the disease, improved diagnosis rates and engagement.

“Building trust with the people is critical,” he said.

(Reuters)

Over 20 Million Children Miss Measles Vaccines Triggering Outbreaks Globally: UNICEF

Due to lack of access, poor health systems and in some cases fear or scepticism about vaccines the global coverage of the first dose of the measles vaccine was reported at 85% in 2017.

Reuters: More than 20 million children a year missed out on measles vaccines across the world in the past eight years, laying a path of exposure to a virus that is now causing disease outbreaks globally, a UN report said on Thursday.

“The measles virus will always find unvaccinated children,” said Henrietta Fore, executive director of the UN children‘s fund UNICEF, adding: “The ground for the global measles outbreaks we are witnessing today was laid years ago.”

The UNICEF report said an estimated 169 million children missed out on the first dose of the measles vaccine between 2010 and 2017 – equating to 21.1 million children a year on average.

As a result of greater vulnerability to the disease, the measles infections worldwide nearly quadrupled in the first quarter of 2019 against the same period in 2018 to 112,163 cases, according to WHO data.

In 2017, some 110,000 people, most of them children, died from measles – up 22% from the year before, UNICEF said.

Measles is a highly contagious disease that can kill and can cause blindness, deafness or brain damage. It is currently spreading in outbreaks in many parts of the world, including in the US, Europe, the Philippines, Tunisia and Thailand.

Two doses of the measles vaccine are essential to protect children and the WHO says 95% vaccine coverage is needed for “herd immunity” against measles.

But due to lack of access, poor health systems, complacency, and in some cases fear or scepticism about vaccines, UNICEF said, the global coverage of the first dose of the measles vaccine was reported at 85% in 2017 – a level that has remained similar for the past decade. Global coverage for the second dose is even lower, at 67%.

FILE PHOTO: Materials are seen left at demonstration by people opposed to childhood vaccination after officials in Rockland County, a New York City suburb, banned children not vaccinated against measles from public spaces, in West Nyack, New York, US March 28, 2019. Credit: Reuters

Among high-income countries, the US – which currently is fighting its biggest measles outbreak in almost 20 years – topped UNICEF‘s list of places with the most children missing the first dose of the vaccine between 2010 and 2017, at more than 2.5 million.

Next came France and Britain, with more than 600,000 and 500,000 unvaccinated children, respectively, during the same period.

In poorer countries, however, the situation is “critical”, UNICEF‘s report found. Nigeria in 2017, for example, had the highest number of children under one year who missed out on the first dose, at nearly 4 million. It was followed by India, with 2.9 million, Pakistan and Indonesia, with 1.2 million each, and Ethiopia, with 1.1 million.

Fore said measles was “far too contagious” a disease to be ignored, and urged health officials to do more to fight it.

“If we are serious about averting the spread of this dangerous but preventable disease, we need to vaccinate every child, in rich and poor countries alike,” she said.

Patient Cleared of HIV Virus Becomes World’s Second AIDS Cure Hope

The case is a proof of the concept that scientists will one day be able to end AIDS, doctors said, but does not mean a cure for HIV has been found.

London: An HIV-positive man in Britain has become the second known adult worldwide to be cleared of the AIDS virus after he received a bone marrow transplant from an HIV-resistant donor, his doctors said.

Almost three years after receiving bone marrow stem cells from a donor with a rare genetic mutation that resists HIV infection – and more than 18 months after coming off antiretroviral drugs – highly sensitive tests still show no trace of the man’s previous HIV infection.

“There is no virus there that we can measure. We can’t detect anything,” said Ravindra Gupta, a professor and HIV biologist who co-led a team of doctors treating the man.

The case is a proof of the concept that scientists will one day be able to end AIDS, the doctors said, but does not mean a cure for HIV has been found.

Gupta described his patient as “functionally cured” and “in remission”, but cautioned: “It’s too early to say he’s cured.”

The man is being called “the London patient”, in part because his case is similar to the first known case of a functional cure of HIV – in an American man, Timothy Brown, who became known as the Berlin patient when he underwent similar treatment in Germany in 2007 which also cleared his HIV.

Also read: How An HIV Prevention Pill Is Changing Sexual Behaviour Among Men

Brown, who had been living in Berlin, has since moved to the United States and, according to HIV experts, is still HIV-free.

Some 37 million people worldwide are currently infected with HIV and the AIDS pandemic has killed around 35 million people worldwide since it began in the 1980s. Scientific research into the complex virus has in recent years led to the development of drug combinations that can keep it at bay in most patients.

Gupta, now at Cambridge University, treated the London patient when he was working at University College London. The man had contracted HIV in 2003, Gupta said, and in 2012 was also diagnosed with a type of blood cancer called Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

Last chance

In 2016, when he was very sick with cancer, doctors decided to seek a transplant match for him. “This was really his last chance of survival,” Gupta told Reuters in an interview.

The donor – who was unrelated – had a genetic mutation known as ‘CCR5 delta 32’, which confers resistance to HIV.

The transplant went relatively smoothly, Gupta said, but there were some side effects, including the patient suffering a period of “graft-versus-host” disease – a condition in which donor immune cells attack the recipient’s immune cells.

Most experts say it is inconceivable such treatments could be a way of curing all patients. The procedure is expensive, complex and risky. To do this in others, exact match donors would have to be found in the tiny proportion of people — most of them of northern European descent — who have the CCR5 mutation that makes them resistant to the virus.

Also read: What These Exceptional Cases of HIV Remission Tell Us About Solutions for All Infected Patients

Specialists said it is also not yet clear whether the CCR5 resistance is the only key – or whether the graft versus host disease may have been just as important. Both the Berlin and London patients had this complication, which may have played a role in the loss of HIV-infected cells, Gupta said.

Sharon Lewin, an expert at Australia’s Doherty Institute and co-chair of the International AIDS Society’s cure research advisory board, told Reuters the London case points to new avenues for study.

“We haven’t cured HIV, but (this) gives us hope that it’s going to be feasible one day to eliminate the virus,” she said.

Gupta said his team plans to use these findings to explore potential new HIV treatment strategies. “We need to understand if we could knock out this (CCR5) receptor in people with HIV, which may be possible with gene therapy,” he said.

The London patient, whose case was set to be reported in the journal Nature and presented at a medical conference in Seattle on Tuesday, has asked his medical team not to reveal his name, age, nationality or other details.

(Reuters)

Malaria Mosquitoes Wiped out in Lab Trials of Gene Drive Testing

The researchers managed to eliminate the population in less than 11 generations, suggesting that the technique could in the future be used to control the spread of malaria, a parasitic disease carried by Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes.

London: Scientists have succeeded in wiping out a population of caged mosquitoes in laboratory experiments using a type of genetic engineering known as a gene drive, which spread a modification blocking female reproduction.

The researchers, whose work was published on Monday in the journal Nature Biotechnology, managed to eliminate the population in less than 11 generations, suggesting the technique could in future be used to control the spread of malaria, a parasitic disease carried by Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes.

“It will still be at least five to 10 years before we consider testing any mosquitoes with gene drive in the wild, but now we have some encouraging proof that we’re on the right path,” said Andrea Crisanti, a professor at Imperial College London who co-led the work.

The results mark the first time this technology has been able to completely suppress a population. The hope is that in future, mosquitoes carrying a gene drive could be released, spreading female infertility within local malaria-carrying mosquito populations and causing them to collapse.

Gene drive technologies alter DNA and drive self-sustaining genetic changes through multiple generations by overriding normal biological processes. The technologies can be very powerful, but they are also controversial, since such genetically engineered organisms released into the environment could have an unknown and irreversible impact on the ecosystem.

The technique used in this study was designed to target the specific mosquito species Anopheles gambiae that is responsible for malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa.

The World Health Organization has warned that global progress against malaria is stalling and could be reversed if momentum in the fight to wipe it out was lost.

The disease infected around 216 million people worldwide in 2016 and killed 445,000 of them. The vast majority of malaria deaths are in babies and young children in sub-Saharan Africa.

Crisanti’s team designed their gene drive to selectively alter a region of a so-called “doublesex gene” in the mosquitoes, which is responsible for female development.

Males who carried this modified gene showed no changes, and neither did females with only one copy of it, he explained in the study. But females with two copies of the modified gene showed both male and female characteristics – they failed to bite and did not lay eggs.

The experiments found the gene drive transmitted the genetic modification nearly 100% of the time, and after 7-11 generations the populations collapsed due to lack of offspring.

Crisanti said the results showed that gene drive solutions can work, offering “hope in the fight against a disease that has plagued mankind for centuries”.

He added, however, that “there is still more work to be done, both in terms of testing the technology in larger lab-based studies and working with affected countries to assess the feasibility of such an intervention”.

But Mariann Bassey, a campaigner with the environmental group Friends of the Earth Africa, said the technique was risky.

“To solve the malaria crisis, we should focus on the least risky and most effective solutions, not experiment with ecosystems with little regard for the potential new environmental and health consequences,” she said in a statement.

(Reuters)