‘Peacocks Don’t Have Sex’, ‘Cow a Surgeon’, Says HC Judge Who Wants Cow as ‘National Animal’

Though the text of his judgment drew largely on legal and religious arguments, the judge, while speaking to reporters outside court, cited the supposed celibacy of peacocks as another reason for declaring the cow a national animal.

Though the text of his judgment drew largely on legal and religious arguments, the Rajasthan high court judge, while speaking to reporters outside court, bizarrely cited the supposed celibacy of peacocks as another reason for his order.

Judge Mahesh Chandra Sharma of the Rajasthan high court, speaking to reporters on Wednesday. Credit: TV19

Spoiler alert: For Justice M.C. Sharma and others who believe peacocks don’t do it, we have a video link below that proves they do

New Delhi: On his last day as a judge of the Rajasthan high court, Justice Mahesh Chandra Sharma directed the state government to coordinate with the Centre and take steps to declare the cow as India’s national animal. The direction, made in his 139-page order in the Hingonia Gaushala case, comes at a time when many states are protesting the Central government’s decision to ban the slaughter of all cattle – cows and buffaloes – bought in agricultural markets. Though the text of his judgment drew largely on legal arguments and religious, the judge, who is an ardent devotee of Lord Krishna, put forward several additional reasons for declaring the cow a national animal while speaking to reporters outside the court.

The most novel of these involved a bizarre theory about how peacocks mate, a subject he spoke about when a reporter from TV18 reminded him that India is a secular country and that his comparison with the ‘Hindu state’ of Nepal may not be accurate (at 2’47” in the video below):

Nepal … it  is not related to whether it is secular or Hindu. Why we have declared the peacock as a national bird? Then you can say that this is a secular country. Peacock also has qualities, let me tell me you in more detail. The peacock is a lifelong celibate (aajeevan brahmachari). It does not have sex with the peahen. The peahen gives birth after it gets impregnated with the tears of the peacock. A peacock or a peahen is then born. That is why Lord Krishna used to adorn himself with peacock feathers. And this is why the saints use peacock feathers in temples – because of the peacock’s celibacy. In the same manner, the cow too has many qualities which I have earlier told you. There are so many qualities that I say, from my religious faith, my heart, that the cow should be declared the national animal.

In fact, peacocks and peahens have sex, just like other birds.

Sharma’s judgment also said that the cow should be declared a national animal as this would make the animal a ‘legal entity’ and allow the government to appoint persons in loco parentis for its protection.

Meanwhile, here are some other gems from the judge, who has now retired, extracted from his interview to TV18:

On what he has said in his order

I have specifically said in my order that the cow should be declared as the national animal as has been done in Nepal. We should do the same because our religious faith is joined to the cow. Cows should be used, not misused is also what I have said.

On the idea behind his order to make the cow India’s national animal

It is not the idea. Let me tell you, this idea is beyond the limit of my thoughts. When Lord Krishna came to this Earth before coming he prayed to a cow in Vrindavan and Govardhan. Because he knew that our doctor, surgeon would be a cow. From the cow’s milk all kinds of diseases are cured. Good nature increases, religiosity increases is the important thing about cow’s milk. I have in my 140-45 page judgement about the cow, written about Rig Ved, Sam Ved, Yajur Ved and others too, Ramayana, Gita – and while writing, I have written about the cow and why the cow is important for man. Even after death, a cow is useful. Cow’s dung, cow’s urine, cow’s milk, cow’s bones and even for tantric purposes the cow is very useful.

On measures the government should take to make the cow the national animal

I have suggested to the government.. that suggestion was only because it was a voice from my soul. I couldn’t give them direction because the Union of India wasn’t a party to this. That is why the suggestion I have given is from the voice of my soul. The government will definitely work on this, it is useful for the country, for all creatures. … My judgement is applicable in the state of Rajasthan basically. It can be adopted by other states also but I wish that every state should comply with this order.

On why the government should comply with his order to make the cow India’s national animal

Why is that? Because it is a religious one. It is the sound of soul, it is the sound of the every person who’s living in India.

(Translated transcript prepared by The Wire)

Kazakhstan is Preparing to Effectively Ban Political Opposition

A bill effectively limiting parties from forming contenders to current leaders by eliminating “non serious” candidates, is about to be passed in Kazakhstan.

The Kazakh parliament in Astana. Credit: Creative Commons

Political opposition never got much of a look in in authoritarian Kazakhstan, where the same man has been in power for over a quarter of a century, but a draft law being considered by the country’s rubber stamp parliament is set to make matters even more predictable.

The legislature is presently working on a bill that would ban independent candidates from running for the presidency. The bill approved by the majilis (lower chamber of the parliament) on May 24 is designed to eliminate “non-serious candidates”, according to justice minister Marat Beketaev.

The law represents the culmination of tactics the Kazakh government has perfected since independence in 1991. As a rule, genuine opposition candidates are eliminated long before the elections are due. The most typical approach in the past has been the fabrication of criminal cases and even the imprisonment of potential opposition candidates. When the law passes, authorities will no longer have to resort to such attempts.

No party unturned

The law is significant since the ministry of justice already makes it challenging for opposition movements to register officially as a political party or public association. The most prominent case is the refusal to register the banned opposition party ‘Alga’ (Forward), whose leader Vladimir Kozlov spent five years in jail for “attempting to overthrow the government” and was later released on parole. All the parties in the Kazakh parliament are now loyal to the regime. Another relatively independent party, the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, was dissolved by a controversial court ruling in 2015.

The law may have been drafted with another opponent of veteran President Nursultan Nazarbayev in mind. Fugitive banker and former energy minister Mukhtar Ablyazov, who is being tried on graft charges in absentia in Kazakhstan has stated his intention to topple Nazarbayev and turn Kazakhstan into a parliamentary democracy.

Ablyazov, is believed to be living in exile in France after the Conseil D’Etat, France’s supreme court equivalent, ruled against extraditing him to Russia in December 2016.

Kazakh authorities have been accused of using Ablyazov to smother other government critics who are not connected to him. Independent journalist Zhanbolat Mamay, for instance is currently imprisoned and awaiting trial on charges of laundering money received from Ablyazov through the Tribuna newspaper he works at. He has described the charges as absurd.

There is also speculation that Nazarbayev, 76, is preparing to transfer power to a successor who would prolong his regime, which opponents say is characterized by authoritarianism and massive corruption.

Facebook user Alibek Tukenov says the draft bill limits citizens rights to participate in free and fair elections.

Oppositionist Erlan Kaliev points out that the Constitution imposes a fairly high barrier for opposition candidates, making the law unnecessary.

Nazarbayev last won re-election in 2015 with 97.7% of the vote. However, no reputable international observation mission has ever recognised a Kazakh election as free and fair. Typically Nazarbayev’s main “opponents” on the ballot have been openly supportive of his policies.

This article was originally published on GlobalVoices. Read the original article here.

Student Organisation Protests ‘Defamation’ by NDA Politician’s TV Channel

Disha, whose posters were used as visuals in a Republic TV news piece covering pro-ISIS slogans in DU has demanded an apology for the defamation.

Disha, whose posters were used as visuals in a Republic TV news piece covering pro-ISIS slogans in DU has demanded an apology for the defamation of the organisation.

The protest held at Arts Faculty in Delhi’s North Campus. Credit: Disha Student Organisation

New Delhi: Disha Student Organisation on Wednesday, May 31, held a protest at Delhi University’s Arts Faculty against NDA politician and MP Rajeev Chandrasekhar’s new channel, Republic TV, and what it called its “saffron” journalism. The democratic student’s organisation had previously alleged that Republic TV had run a news piece on Sunday, May 28, that had portrayed its posters as pro-ISIS graffiti. Disha claimed that while covering the allegation that pro-ISIS and pro-Maoist graffiti had been scribbled at the  Delhi School of Economics, the channel had aired images of walls covered with posters put up by Disha, which read “Make the dreams of Bhagat Singh come true”, “Education is everyones right, stop its commercialisation”.

The channel’s news piece can be seen below.

According to the press release from the protest, students from many colleges came together to condemn the “saffron propaganda disguised in the form of journalism by the likes of Arnab Goswami.” It states that such attacks on the democratic rights of Indians have become more frequent since the Modi government came to power and that such attacks tear away at the social fabric of the diversified nation.

Simran, the convener of the organisation addressed the participants of the protest, saying that “The linking of the posters of Disha to terrorist outfits like ISIS by Republic TV is not only a shameful act of irresponsible, unethical journalism but also a conscious effort to propagate lies to further the agenda of Sanghi politics in universities.”

In a letter sent to Republic TV on May 29 and made available by Alt News, Simran states that these posters are “simply in keeping and carrying forward of the legacy and ideology of Bhagat Singh. The posters simply mention right to education for all” and that they would continue to fight for it. The letter seeks an apology from the news channel, and says that failing this, Disha will file a defamation suit against it. According to the press release, no apology has been aired yet.

In an angry speech, Simran went on to state that most of Goswami’s stories lack credibility and are mostly propaganda in favour of  BJP and the right-wing. Terming him the “posterboy” of the Sanghi agenda, she also reminded the crowd that he had aired the doctored tapes from the JNU incident in 2016 when he was an anchor at Times Now. She also referred to the IIT-M attack on a student as another example of the right-wing tendency to try to instil terror among those who try to raise their voice against anything.

The Democratic Students Union (DSU) was also present at the protest. Another speaker at the protest, a member of DSU, Prabal, said that an attack of this kind on a democratic, pro-students organisation was not acceptable.

Donald Trump to Pull US out of Paris Climate Deal, Says Report

The decision will put the US in league with Syria and Nicaragua as the world’s only non-participants in the Paris Climate Agreement.

US President Donald Trump. Credit: Reuters

Washington: US President Donald Trump has decided to withdraw from the Paris climate accord, Axios news outlet reported on Wednesday, citing two unidentified sources with direct knowledge of the decision.

Trump, who has previously called global warming a hoax, refused to endorse the landmark climate change accord at a summit of the G7 group of wealthy nations on Saturday, saying he needed more time to decide. He then tweeted that he would make an announcement this week.

Fox News also cited an unidentified source confirming the pullout.

The decision will put the US in league with Syria and Nicaragua as the world’s only non-participants in the Paris Climate Agreement. It could have sweeping implications for the deal, which relies heavily on the commitment of big polluter nations to reduce emissions of gases scientists blame for sea level rise, droughts and more frequent violent storms.

The accord, agreed on by nearly 200 countries in Paris in 2015, aims to limit planetary warming in part by slashing carbon dioxide and other emissions from the burning of fossil fuels. Under the pact, the US committed to reducing its emissions by 26-28% from 2005 levels by 2025.

Axios said details of the pullout are being worked out by a team that includes EPA administrator Scott Pruitt. The choice is between a formal withdrawal that could take three years or leaving the UN treaty that the accord is based on, which would be quicker but more extreme, according to Axios.

The decision to withdraw from the climate accord was influenced by a letter from 22 Republican US senators, including Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, calling for an exit, Axios reported.

Former President Barack Obama, who helped broker the accord, praised the accord during a trip to Europe this month.

The US is the world’s second-biggest carbon dioxide emitter behind China.

Supporters of the climate pact are concerned that a US exit could lead other nations to weaken their commitments or also withdraw, softening an accord that scientists have said is critical to avoiding the worst impacts of climate change.

Canada, the European Union and China have said they will honour their commitments to the pact even if the US withdraws. A source told Reuters that India had also indicated it would stick by the deal.

Trump had vowed during his campaign to “cancel” the Paris deal within 100 days of becoming president, as part of an effort to bolster US oil and coal industries. That promise helped rally supporters sharing his skepticism of global efforts to police US carbon emissions.

After taking office, however, Trump faced pressure to stay in the deal from investors, international powers and business leaders, including some in the coal industry. He also had to navigate a split among his advisers on the issue.

India’s Economic Growth Slows Down in Fourth Quarter

While GDP growth was 6.1%, belying market expectations, gross value added (GVA) growth slowed even more sharply in the fourth quarter to 5.6%. Sectors such as manufacturing and construction also took a sharp hit.

While GDP growth was 6.1%, belying market expectations, gross value added (GVA) growth slowed even more sharply in the fourth quarter to 5.6%. Sectors such as manufacturing and construction also took a sharp hit.

Labourers work at the construction site of an underground sewage pipeline in Mumbai, India, February 28, 2017. Credit: Reuters/Danish Siddiqui/Files

New Delhi: India’s economy grew 6.1% in the three months through March from a year earlier – slowing from a provisional 7.0% in the previous quarter – government data showed on Wednesday.

This is much lower than the forecasts for annual growth of 7.1% in the January-March quarter, reflected in a Reuters poll.

While gross domestic product (GDP) growth was 6.1%, gross value added (GVA) growth – a metric that more economists now favour as it excludes indirect tax collection – slowed even more sharply in the fourth quarter to 5.6%, compared to 6.7% in the third quarter.

Growth for FY 20160-17 came in at 7.1% – despite the fact that all data released today captures the impact of the revised WPI and IIP series, which was widely expected to boost the growth numbers.

In a press conference on Wednesday, responding to a number of questions on whether the lower growth in the fourth quarter seen was because of demonetisation, chief statistician T.C.A Anant said that notebandi was only one of many policy factors that could have led to the slowdown in growth.

“It would be difficult to state whether this [demonetisation-caused slowdown] is causal. All policy decisions by the government have some effect on growth rate. Demonetisation is one of them. It is not so straight forward to link third quarter and fourth quarter GDP numbers to demonetisation. Other dynamics should be kept in mind too,” Anant said.

Two key aspects of economic health – gross fixed capital formation and private consumption (as a percentage of GDP) – also slowed down marginally to 28.5% and 57.3% respectively in the fourth quarter when compared to the third quarter.

Disappointment amongst market analysts

Most market analysts were disappointed with the numbers. Varun Khandelwal, managing director of Bullero Capital, in a statement, said, “Q4 GDP number was a bit disappointing. Since listed companies have reported a slowdown in their earnings for Q3 and Q4, I expect the data to be revised downwards. The most significant imbalance in India’s growth story is the paucity of job creation. The demographic ‘dividend’ is slowly turning into a ‘tax’ as more young people enter the workforce, while the pace of job creation is meagre. It is critical that policy makers focus on a more equitable distribution of growth for the long-term socio-political stability of the country.”

Philip Capital economist Anjali Verma, in a statement, pointed out that “it looks pretty tepid”. “GVA [gross value added] at 5.6% is weak, except for public administration and some bit on agriculture. Everything else is very, very weak. Manufacturing is pretty tepid, construction continues to remain very weak despite all the things the government has been saying. It’s not looking good. The numbers are not at all good. This data is closer to the ground reality than the previous ones. Going ahead, I think one key factor will be the banking sector. That’s dragging growth substantially. I am surprised why there is still no growth coming in construction, but I think with housing impetus it should happen gradually.”

Manufacturing and construction slump heavily

GVA growth for the manufacturing and construction sectors, in specific, took a beating in the fourth quarter on a sequential basis. While manufacturing posted 8.2% GVA growth in the third, demonetisation quarter (October-December, 2016), it slumped to 5.3% in the fourth quarter (January – March, 2017).

Similarly, the construction sector, which many analysts thought would do better as the effects of demonetisation receded, registered negative GVA growth in the fourth quarter (-3.7%).

 

                                    GVA Growth for 2016-17 (at 2011-2012 prices)

Sector First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter
Manufacturing 10.7% 7.7% 8.2% 5.3%
Construction 3.1% 4.3% 3.4% -3.7%
Transport 8.9% 7.7% 8.3% 6.5%

There are two reasons for this, according to Care Ratings chief economist Madan Sabnavis. The first factor was that there was indeed some impact from demonetisation both on the supply and demand side. The effect on the construction sector, Sabnavis said, was “the direct impact coming from real estate”. “There should have been some compensation coming from the government in terms of spending,” Sabnavis told BloombergQuint.

The second reason for the slump in some sectors, such as financial services, is the impact of the new WPI series. This is why when the GVA growth for sectors – such as “financial and professional services” is looked at “current prices”, the slowdown doesn’t appear to be that sharp.

GVA deflator?

In a note circulated hours after the GDP numbers were made public, SBI chief economist Soumya Kanti Ghosh pointed out that the Indian economy was in “slowdown mode from Q2 FY’17 itself” and that this has accelerated in Q3 and Q4. Striking a slightly contrarian view, Ghosh notes how the Q4 slowdown could be partly explained by price impact.

“In nominal terms, GVA did expand in Q4 by 11.3% , but in real terms because of a higher GVA deflator (5.4%), the real GVA growth slumped to 5.6% in Q4. Interestingly, a closer look at the data reveals that the GVA deflator for the mining sub-sector expanded by a whopping 25%. In a nut shell, the GDP slowdown is a both pre and post demonetisation phenomenon,” the SBI note states.

While India Begins to Get Its Anti-TB Act Together, a New Model Has Predicted Newer Threats

Thanks to illiberal treatment guidelines, a complex treatment regimen and a formidable bacterium, the rise of extensively-drug-resistant tuberculosis is always waiting to happen, especially in India.

Thanks to illiberal treatment guidelines, a complex treatment regimen and a formidable bacterium, the rise of extensively-drug-resistant tuberculosis is always waiting to happen, especially in India.

Scanning electron micrograph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which cause TB. Caption and credit: NIAID

Scanning electron micrograph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which cause TB. Caption and credit: NIAID

Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease that mainly affects the lungs. It is one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. In 2015 alone, over 10 million were suffering from it and about 1.8 million had died of it. India alone is among the world’s largest contributors of the global tuberculosis burden, with 1.74 million patients in 2015. The economic costs of this disease’s incidence amounts to around $12 billion per annum. The issues presented by these numbers are worsened when the bacteria causing the disease, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, evolves resistance to the antibiotics commonly used to treat the disease.

A combination of antibiotics is used to combat tuberculosis. The treatment period is long, typically six months. Even if the patient starts feeling better after she has been started on the drugs, she will need to continue taking them and complete the full course. However, this doesn’t happen in many cases. When a patient stops taking the drugs before the full course is over, all the bacteria are not killed. Those that have survived develop resistance to the particular set of antibiotics used. Together with low-quality drugs and the inefficient management of the drug supply, this has resulted in the spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis. When the bacteria become resistant to two of the first line tuberculosis drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin, the disease is called multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).

Among MDR-TB cases, there are the extensively drug-resistant cases (XDR-TB) that are additionally resistant to the class of drugs called fluoroquinilones as well as second-line injectable drugs. The World Health Organisation estimated that there had been 480,000 cases of MDR-TB worldwide in 2015. About 16% were from India. The spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis is a big barrier to effective treatment of the debilitating disease.

A study published in The Lancet on May 9 described how available data was modelled to project the tuberculosis burden in four countries with high incidence of the disease: India, South Africa, Russia and Philippines. The authors predicted that new tuberculosis cases will become increasingly drug resistant. The percentage of MDR-TB would go up in the four countries by 2040 – 32.5% in Russia; 12% in India; 9% in Philippines; and about 6% in South Africa. In each country, about 9% of the MDR-TB cases would be XDR-TB, predicts the study. Finally, and unsurprisingly, it recommended a revamp of extant treatment regimens.

A model for the future

The WHO and allied groups established the Green Light Committee in 2000 to increase access to high-quality medicines at greatly reduced prices. The Preserving Effective TB Treatment Study (PETTS) was launched in nine countries in 2005 to estimate the proportion of cases involving drug-resistant tuberculosis. The Lancet study uses this data for its models, which predict an increase in the proportion of MDR-TB among new cases of tuberculosis, and the proportion of XDR-TB among the MDR-TB cases. Almost counter-intuitively, the chief reason is increased amount of access to anti-tuberculosis drugs, according to the authors.

The advent of antibiotics had kept tuberculosis in check in the mid-1900s. By the 1980s, it re-emerged globally aided by many factors. Chief among them: an increase in diseases that compromised immunity – like that of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – and a burgeoning population in countries that weren’t well equipped to handle a disease like tuberculosis.

The WHO declared tuberculosis a global emergency in 1993. The Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) strategy, developed in Africa, was expanded to 102 countries by the late 1990s, India among them. In India alone, DOTS has “increased tuberculosis treatment coverage 30-fold, and increased cure rates to almost 85%,” according to a status report by the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme, 2003.

But getting rid of tuberculosis is not as simple as making drugs available. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium is formidable. Some antibiotics attack bacteria when they divide; M. tuberculosis has one of the slowest division rates among bacteria. They also have a hardy cell wall, embedded with fat molecules that form a kind of shield and allowing the bacteria to survive exposure to some antibiotics.

Then comes the recommended treatment practices. The disease has to be diagnosed in time. Treatment regimens should suit the kind of tuberculosis – whether drug resistant or not. The environment also plays an important role in allowing the disease to spread: poor sanitation and improper ventilation increase the chances of an infection. Poor nutrition, and habits like chewing tobacco and smoking, can also make a person more susceptible to becoming infected.

Add to all this a complex treatment regimen that requires various antibiotics over a long time, complemented with a laundry list of side effects, and the sheer number of patients stopping their treatment course midway isn’t quite surprising. It was just the recipe for the rise of drug-resistant strains.

A person infected with tuberculosis can infect 10-15 others through close contact, over the course of a year. “Drug-resistant M. tuberculosis is also spread to contacts of an individual with TB when that individual coughs, sneezes or talks because M. tuberculosis spreads by an airborne route,” said Aditya Sharma, of the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention and first author of the Lancet study.

Similarly, as MDR-TB bacteria develop resistance to second-line tuberculosis drugs, the rates of XDR-TB and the chances of its spread through contact go up. So if treatment regimens do not improve, the proportion of drug-resistant tuberculosis will keep increasing, according to the model. “Strict adherence to treatment may reduce the risk of developing drug-resistant TB, though there is always some risk,” Sharma added.

However, Emily Kendall, an assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, cautioned in an email that the model makes “somewhat pessimistic” assumptions. For example, it assumes that drug-resistant tuberculosis is just as easy to spread as the variety susceptible to drugs. “Under these assumptions, the proportion of drug-resistant TB is guaranteed to increase. Drug-resistant TB poses an obstacle to India’s TB elimination goals,” she said. Fortunately, the same study that provided the data for this paper also showed that these risks are much reduced when a treatment regimen is chosen for these patients that contains a sufficient number of effective drugs.”

Soumya Swaminathan, the director-general of the Indian Council of Medical Research, also pointed out that the model does not have the latest drug resistance data from India – which has not yet been made public. “We have had some surveys from states like Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, and the percentage of MDR-TB has remained at less than 3%,” she said. This is against the 12% MDR-TB predicted by 2040, according to the model. “The model assumes uniform rates of transmission of tuberculosis. However, transmission can vary a lot, based on the situation. For example, an urban slum will have a higher transmission rate than a village.”

She leads an initiative called the ‘India TB Research and Development Corporation’ that aims to bring together Indian and international experts to develop new tools to fight the disease. In November 2016, Swaminathan stated that the aim was to reduce the incidence of new tuberculosis cases by 90%, and mortality by 95%, by 2030.

As part of the 2017 Union Budget, the government has outlined a goal of eliminating tuberculosis by 2025, and the announcement was followed by a new plan to eliminate the disease, called the National Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Elimination (NSPTE), 2017-2025.

Swaminathan says that over the next few years, the NSPTE is set to target individualised treatment regimens for patients based on drug-resistance. “This will dramatically decrease the chances of inappropriate treatment.”

Reviewing the plan in a note submitted to The Lancet, Madhukar Pai, an epidemiologist at McGill University, Montreal, and colleagues call it “bold, comprehensive and potentially a game changer”. They further write, “It includes private sector engagement, new tools and approaches to plug gaps in the tuberculosis care cascade, active tuberculosis case-finding among key populations, and measures to prevent the development of active tuberculosis in high-risk groups.”

A crucial stakeholder in India’s war against tuberculosis is the private sector, wrote Pai in an email to The Wire. “A huge proportion of TB – well over 50% – is managed in the private sector with suboptimal diagnostics, widespread empirical antibiotic abuse, and limited capacity to ensure adherence among TB patients,” he elaborated. Swaminathan agreed, saying that an important part of the NSPTE is to engage with the private sector and encourage them to follow the basic principles of early diagnosis and rigorous treatment laid down by the plan.

While there is evidence of political commitment, it is essential to follow up with funding, cautions Pai. The budget of the new plan is about $2,485 million (~Rs 16,000 crore). But historically, India’s health budgets have always fallen short. To completely get rid of tuberculosis, there also needs to be an increase in overall awareness and cooperation from all sectors, according to Swaminathan: “The environment becomes important.Well-planned housing and sanitation and well-built hospitals with good ventilation and proper nutrition will all help in bringing down incidence of tuberculosis.”

Sandhya Sekar is a freelance science writer interested in evolution, ecology and wildlife.

The Small Hands of Moroccan Recycling

Waste collectors, sorters and recyclers in Morocco keep the town from suffocating and are vital in the fight against climate change.

Waste collectors, sorters and recyclers in Morocco keep the town from suffocating and are vital in the fight against climate change.

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A wastepicker working in the streets of Casablanca. (Photo Pascal Garret, July 2013) Credit: www.bab-el-louk.org, CC BY-NC-ND

This article is based on a series about recycling documented in the 2017 book What to do with leftovers? Re-employment in Accumulation Societies. The Conversation

The photographs are by Pascal Garret, sociologist and freelance photographer, who collaborates with social scientists on the theme of waste recovery and recycling.

Casablanca, Morocco, summer 2016. With constant heat often above 30°C, garbage can quickly suffocate the four millions inhabitants of this city. But as visitors navigate through the second-largest city of the Maghrebian region, small hands are making sure that large quantities of waste do not pile up on landfills by offering them new life.

These men and women belong to populations that anthropologist Delphine Corteel and sociologist Stéphane Le Lay (ERES, 2011) have called “waste workers”.

Despite their tremendous and tiring work, they remain excluded from the Moroccan society because of the uncleanliness of their work, and the nature of their living spaces.

They live on the margins of legal urban areas, in slums and makeshift houses, which are regularly demolished or threatened by real estate and urban projects. While working in the streets, they are often victims of violence either committed by the authorities or other inhabitants.

We conducted interviews with many members of this community from 2011. Our objective was to show that these waste collectors, sorters, semi-wholesalers, recyclers and transporters often consider their work as a real profession and believe that their role is essential, especially given that environmental issues have never been higher on the agenda.

According to our multi-site surveys, more than a third of Casablanca’s household waste would escape rejection from landfills.

Far from presenting an image of misery and exclusion, we wish to portray this population free from the stigma that usually accompanies activities linked to waste.

Overview of one part of a waste recycling area in Casablanca, Lahraouine. In the background, you can see the social housing district of Attacharouk. Credit: Pascal Garret/MuCEM, January 2015

Situated on the outskirts of Casablanca and in a topographic depression, the Lahraouine district remains virtually invisible from the outside. Most workers live in neighbouring douars (slums) where running water is absent and electricity is supplied by generators or illegal connections.

Several real estate projects have put pressure on the city to revamp the district and get rid of its slums. As the waste collectors do not own their lands and there’s no rehousing project, they live in fear of eviction.

A bouar returning from his tour in the outskirts of Casablanca. Credit: Photo Pascal Garret, May 2016

This bouar (the word is derived from the French word éboueur for garbage man) returns from the city with a cart filled with his daily collection. But the increasing number of containers buried in the affluent neighbourhoods of Casablanca reduces access to this waste resource.

More often than not, the bouara (plural for bouar) have to limit their work to open bins in working-class neighbourhoods. They are also more tolerated in these areas than in the city’s central districts or middle-upper class areas. In the latter, police can harass them, even arrest them and confiscate their donkeys and carts.

Inside view of a gelssa of Lahraouine. Credit: Pascal Garret, April 2017

The gelssas (a term derived from the verb gels, which means sit down in darija, the language of the Maghreb region) are enclosures of various sizes surrounded by palisades (metal sheets, tarps, boards or dried waste that form a kind of wall) where the bouara centralise their harvest after each city tour.

Their collection is sold by weight and consists mainly of cardboard, plastics, metals, glass, fabrics and vegetable waste. Valuable objects, after changing hands several times, will eventually end up in one of the city’s flea markets (joutiya). Nothing that can be used is left behind.

A worker sorting waste in a gelssa specialised on plastic materials. Credit: Pascal Garret, May 2016

The bouara of Casablanca can make about €20 daily, but many must rent their equipment (cart and animal) from their bosses for €2.

Some gelssas are versatile sorting and recycling sites (plastics, wood, metal, rags), where materials are sorted by type. Others specialise in a particular material, as is the case below for plastic.

There is no electricity in the gelssas and this machine is powered by a generator. Credit: Pascal Garret, April 2017

After collection and sorting, some materials have to be compacted and crushed to take up less space, which adds value. The materials will then be sold to informal sector wholesalers or to the formal sector through pick-ups or trucks sent to carry the waste.

Women sorting plastic waste. Credit: Pascal Garret, May 2016

In Lahraouine, we have not seen many women in the gelssas. Among the 3,000 active waste-recyclers we roughly counted, the majority are young men and we estimated that there were only 500 to 600 women. They are only assigned to sorting tasks.

The economic crisis in Morocco has led to an increase of waste workers in Casablanca.

The sheds of waste collectors are themselves made with waste. Credit: Pascal Garret, January 2015

Waste collectors come, for the most part, from the countryside to escape poverty. Some of them originate from very remote villages in the eastern regions of Casablanca.

Many, especially youngsters, come and go according to agricultural cycles. Nearly 19% of Morocco’s agriculturally dependent rural population still lives in poverty or in danger of becoming impoverished. These seasonal workers are hosted by relatives in the douars of Lahraouine or live in sheds inside gelssas.

The boss of a gelssa posing with his horse. Credit: Pascal Garret, January 2015

This boss of a gelssa employs several waste collectors. He owns a few carts pulled by a donkey or a horse, and is a “middle-income earner”.

There is a very strong hierarchy in the world of recycling. At the lower level are the simple bouara and women who sort and earn low incomes. At the end of the higher range are the bosses of large gelssas who own one or more trucks and plastic crushers.

Gelssas bosses are very familiar with the cost and value of materials on the market and keep themselves updated through the internet or their mobile phones. They know exactly where, to whom and when to sell to get the maximum benefit from their wares.

A waste collector at work in the Mediouna dump. Credit: Pascal Garret/MuCEM, January 2015

Situated about 20 kilometres south of Greater Casablanca, the Mediouna’s landfill receives nearly 3,500 tons of household waste each day, brought in by the trucks of waste-recycling companies.

At this site, which should normally mark the end of life for Casablanca’s waste, some 600 illegal waste collectors extract about 1000 tons of materials daily that will be re-injected into the informal and formal recycling circuit.

The business of recycling factories and export wholesalers depends heavily on the activities of street collectors or the Mediouna landfill from whom they buy recovered materials at a lower cost. Secondary raw materials produced by the formal sector of the economy are largely derived from the work of these hidden workers.

Blurring the borders, this small world of informal workers is thus – directly or indirectly – well inserted in the economic chain on every level: local, regional, national and even international. The PET brought in by waste collectors, for example, is exported to China.

Many of them have also fully understood and integrated environmental arguments. One, called Mustapha, told us in an interview in 2013:

“We contribute to the economy of Morocco. It is thanks to us that this waste is recycled instead of being simply buried or burned. This is our livelihood, it’s our survival and it makes our community live”

This wholesaler even tried to create an association for the waste collectors of the Lahraouine district in order to get them officially acknowledged and organised. But so far he has faced indifference or opposition from the authorities.

His failure highlights the perpetual stigma attached to the profession of waste collecting. It also shows their isolation and relegation to the spatial and social margins of the economic capital of Morocco.

Yet, elsewhere in the world, innovative experiments, mobilisation of reclaiming communities and associations are signs that integration, access to social rights and, more broadly, recognition or informal waste collectors are possible.

Written by Bénédicte Florin, Maître de conférences at Université François-Rabelais de Tours and Mustapha Azaitraoui, Enseignant-chercheur en géographie humaine at Université Hassan Ier.

This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.

India, Spain Sign Seven Pacts During Prime Minister Modi’s Visit

The agreements were signed after Prime Minister Modi held wide-ranging talks with Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy in the Spanish capital.

Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy (L) poses with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi at Moncloa Palace in Madrid, Spain May 31, 2017. Credit: Reuters/Susana Vera

Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy (L) poses with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi at Moncloa Palace in Madrid, Spain May 31, 2017. Credit: Reuters/Susana Vera

Madrid: India and Spain today (May 31) signed seven agreements, including on cyber security and technical cooperation in civil aviation, during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to the European country.

The agreements were signed after Prime Minister Modi held wide-ranging talks with Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy at the Moncloa Palace in the Spanish capital.

The two sides agreements on transfer of sentenced persons and visa waiver for holders of diplomatic passports.

Five MoUs were signed between the two countries on cooperation in organ transplantation, cyber security, renewable energy, civil aviation and one between India’s Foreign Service Institute and Diplomatic Academy of Spain.

Modi, the first Indian prime minister to visit Spain since 1988, praised the Spanish prime minister saying under Rajoy’s leadership the country has undergone economic reforms “which is also the biggest priority of my government.”

Spain is India’s seventh largest trading partner in the European Union. Two-way trade totaled USD 5.27 billion in 2016.

Modi encouraged Spanish infrastructure, tourism, energy and defense companies to invest in priority sectors in India, saying “It’s a great time for Spanish companies to invest in India.

Moscow’s Metro Is a Visually Stunning Mix of the Old and New

Moscow’s metro is adorned with mosaics, marble statues, and stained glass which showcases the story of the Soviet Union.

People walk during rush hour at Kievskaya metro station in Moscow, Russia, April 17, 2017. Credit: Reuters/Grigory Dukor

People walk during rush hour at Kievskaya metro station in Moscow, Russia, April 17, 2017. Credit: Reuters/Grigory Dukor

Moscow: Rub a dog’s nose for luck. Look back to Russia’s 1917 Bolshevik revolution. Marvel at a mosaic spaceman. Maybe even watch a ballet.

Moscow’s metro is one of the busiest and most visually stunning underground systems in the world. It is a tourist site in its own right.

Created as a showcase for the Soviet Union, its elaborate, spacious stations are adorned with mosaics, marble statues and stained glass that tell the story of the communist state.

When it opened in 1935, the metro had just 11 stations and attracted 285,000 curious riders on the first day. Today there are 206 stations and up to nine million passengers a day.

The Moscow metro’s immaculate stations are a mix of old and new. Get off at Ploshchad Revolutsii (Revolution Square) and you will see passengers going up to a statue of a border guard and rubbing his dog’s nose for luck. There are four such statues in the station, and all the dogs have shiny noses from the constant rubbing.

The metro was originally named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, and the Bolshevik leader’s image was and still is found in stations throughout the metro: in statues, mosaics and a giant bust of Lenin on the wall in Ploshchad Ilyich (Ilyich Square)metro station.

The image of his successor Josef Stalin was also seen on the metro until Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced him in 1956, prompting the dismantling of statues of him all over the Soviet Union. At Dobryninskaya metro station, a mosaic shows a happy crowd holding up a photo of a cosmonaut. The photo previously depicted Stalin and the cosmonaut was parachuted in to hide the disgraced leader.

A statue of Stalin was removed from Kurskaya metro station in central Moscow, but a quote from the Soviet national anthem: “Stalin reared us on loyalty to the people. He inspired us to labour and heroism” was controversially restored to the metro‘s entrance in 2009.

People ride the escalators at Sretensky Bulvar metro station in Moscow, Russia, April 12, 2017. Credit: Reuters/Grigory Dukor

People ride the escalators at Sretensky Bulvar metro station in Moscow, Russia, April 12, 2017. Credit: Reuters/Grigory Dukor

At Kievskaya, a station built in 1954 when Ukraine was firmly a part of the Soviet Union, a vivid mosaic dedicated to Russian-Ukrainian friendship occupies one wall. The two countries are now far from close, as underlined by Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014.

For Reuters photo essay, click: http://reut.rs/2sgXTu6

Still thriving

The metro has been expanding fast in the last few years, and modernising with one eye on the World Cup that Russia will host in 2018.

It now has free WiFi and announcements in English are gradually being introduced across the numerous lines. In the more tourist-friendly stations, “selfie spots” have been designated on the floor to help passengers get the best photo with a metro architectural highlight in view.

A ballet version of Dostoyevsky’s novel The Idiot was recently performed in the metro station named after the author.

Another visible change is the controversial replacement of many of the elderly women who used to sit in a booth at the bottom of the seemingly endless escalators. They were famous for telling passengers off if they sat down on the escalator steps.

One attendant known by locals as Auntie Lyuda was famous for telling jokes on Mondays, reading poems and telling passengers to imagine they were in England – if passengers want to walk up and down the steps of the escalator, they should do so on the left. Now the attendants are mainly young men, and have yet to show any skill in bantering with passengers.

The metro finally seems to have realised how iconic it is, and has introduced tourist stands with metro-related gifts. The souvenirs include an 8-cm model of the guard and the dog (rub the nose at home to your heart’s content for 2,900 roubles or $51.54) or coasters with famous metro mosaics on them, including one of Lenin.

(Reuters)

France Uses Emergency Terrorism Powers to Prevent Peaceful Protests, Says Amnesty

Emergency powers give the French police wider search and arrest powers while authorities have used these to successfully prohibit public gatherings.

French President elect Emmanuel Macron attends a ceremony to mark the anniversary of the abolition of slavery and to pay tribute to the victims of the slave trade at the Jardins du Luxembourg in Paris, France, May 10, 2017. Credit: Reuters/Eric Feferberg/Pool

French President elect Emmanuel Macron attends a ceremony to mark the anniversary of the abolition of slavery and to pay tribute to the victims of the slave trade at the Jardins du Luxembourg in Paris, France, May 10, 2017. Credit: Reuters/Eric Feferberg/Pool

Paris: Rights group Amnesty International accused France on Wednesday, May 31, of using emergency powers to fight terrorism as a pretext for clamping down on peaceful protests, including over sensitive environmental and labour issues.

The report comes just days after President Emmanuel Macron said his government would ask parliament to extend by several months the emergency powers introduced in 2015 to counter the threat of militant attacks.

Emergency rules giving French police wider search and arrest powers were introduced after Islamist gunmen and suicide bombers killed 130 people in and around Paris in November 2015.

Amnesty said that between November 2015 and 5 May 2017, authorities had used their powers to issue 155 decrees prohibiting public gatherings.

It also said 639 measures preventing specific individuals participating in public assemblies had been imposed, including 574 that targeted labour law reforms protesters.

The new government has said that following last week’s Manchester attacks claimed by ISIS, the emergency measures should run beyond mid-July to November 1.

“Emergency laws intended to protect the French people from the threat of terrorism are instead being used to restrict their rights to protest peacefully,” said Amnesty International researcher Marco Perolini.

“Under the cover of the state of emergency, rights to protest have been stripped away with hundreds of activists, environmentalists, and labour rights campaigners unjustifiably banned from participating in protests.”

Macron, who reviewed national security with defence chiefs on Wednesday, said security measures for the summer period would be reinforced taking into consideration the state of emergency’s planned extension.

Amnesty said the current measures included powers to ban demonstrations on vague grounds and prevent individuals attending protests.

With Macron expected to push through new economic reforms in the coming months, there is potential for more widespread demonstrations across the country.

“In the run-up to the election, Emmanuel Macron promised to protect the right to protest inFrance. Now he is president, he must turn his words into action,” said Perolini.

“With the battle lines already being drawn between the new president and the unions on labour law reform, President Macron must stop the misuse of anti-terrorism powers to restrict peaceful protest and end France‘s dangerous and dizzying spiral towards a permanent state of emergency.”