The assertion that Hindus, particularly non-resident Indians (NRIs), only started taking pride in their identity and culture after Narendra Modi became Prime Minister is a multifaceted argument that demands nuanced analysis. While Modi’s ascent has undoubtedly amplified and shaped Hindu and Indian cultural expression, attributing its emergence solely to his tenure, simplifies a complex phenomenon rooted in historical, social, and political factors.
Firstly, it is essential to recognise that a strong sense of cultural and religious identity existed among Hindus long before Modi. Throughout history, Hinduism has absorbed and co-existed with diverse influences, evolving within India and spreading through trade and religious exchange. Movements like Bhakti and reformist movements of the 19th century rekindled pride in India’s philosophical and cultural heritage. The struggle for independence fuelled national and cultural consciousness, with leaders like Gandhi drawing inspiration from India’s spiritual traditions. Numerous luminaries, such as Swami Vivekananda, actively promoted Indian culture on the global stage long before Modi.
After independence, India embarked on a journey of nation-building, prioritising secularism and unity amidst diverse religious and cultural landscapes. While Hindu identity remained integral, it was often overshadowed by the emphasis on national unity and modernisation. This, coupled with social and economic challenges, led to a certain downplaying of Hindu pride, particularly among some sections of the urban elite and NRIs.
However, it is true that the late 20th and early 21st centuries witnessed a resurgence of interest in Hindu traditions and cultural practices. This can be attributed to several factors.
Globalisation and the rise of diasporic communities: As NRIs and Hindus globally encountered Western cultural norms, a sense of cultural difference and belonging emerged. This led to a renewed interest in their heritage, customs, and spiritual practices.
The quest for identity and belonging: In a world increasingly characterised by individualism and anomie, many found solace and community in their shared religious and cultural heritage. This was particularly true for younger generations seeking a sense of grounding.
Disillusionment with secularism: The perceived failure of secularism to address issues of social inequality and religious intolerance led some to seek alternative solutions grounded in their cultural and religious values.
The rise of Hindu nationalism and Hindutva ideology: The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), with its emphasis on Hindu identity and cultural resurgence, provided a platform for Hindus to express their pride and assert their political voice.
Economic growth and confidence: India’s economic boom under Modi coincided with a rise in national pride and confidence. This sense of progress and achievement spilled over into cultural spheres, leading to a celebration of Indian heritage, including its Hindu roots.
Social media and digital platforms: The rise of social media provided a platform for Hindus, particularly younger generations, to connect, share experiences, and advocate for their identity. This created a sense of community and amplified voices previously unheard.
While Narendra Modi’s rise as Prime Minister undoubtedly amplified these trends, it’s crucial to avoid attributing the resurgence of Hindu pride solely to his persona or policies. Modi himself is a product of these broader sociocultural currents, with his Hindu identity and rhetoric resonating with a pre-existing desire for self-assertion among a segment of the Hindu population.
Modi’s rise capitalised on these existing currents. His political messaging resonated with Hindus seeking a stronger sense of identity and belonging. He emphasised India’s ancient cultural glory, invoking historical figures and symbols, from Ashoka to yoga. He positioned a resurgent India on the world stage, showcasing its economic potential and technological prowess. This narrative of cultural and economic revival resonated with the NRIs, many of whom had achieved success in their adopted countries but also cherished their cultural heritage.
Modi’s government actively engaged with the diaspora, organising events and initiatives like the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas that fostered a sense of connection and pride.
However, it’s crucial to acknowledge the complexities and potential pitfalls of linking national identity solely with religious identity. While highlighting India’s historical Hindu roots, Modi’s government has been criticised for marginalising other religious and cultural groups. This tendency towards Hindu nationalism raises concerns about inclusivity and tolerance, core values enshrined in the Indian constitution.
Furthermore, attributing India’s success solely to its Hindu heritage risks erasing the contributions of other communities that have enriched the nation’s tapestry.
Also read: For the BJP, the Hindu Card Is No Longer as Potent as It Once Was
The rise of Hindu pride under Modi
The rise of Hindu pride under Modi is also part of a broader global trend of identity politics and cultural assertiveness. From Brexit to the rise of right-wing populism in various countries, we see communities reaffirming their cultural distinctiveness. In this context, India’s experience aligns with a larger political shift rather than being solely attributable to Modi’s leadership.
Therefore, a holistic understanding of Hindu pride goes beyond a singular political figure. It’s an intricate interplay of historical context, social anxieties, the yearning for global recognition, and the appeal of a confident leader promoting a revitalised national narrative.
The narrative of Hindu pride in the post-Modi era is, therefore, not a simple one of unalloyed positivity or negativity. It’s a complex tapestry woven with threads of historical legacy, diasporic experiences, sociopolitical shifts, and the rise of a specific political ideology. To understand the nuances of Hindu pride, it’s crucial to move beyond simplistic cause-and-effect explanations and engage with the rich and complex history of Hindu identity, its diverse expressions, and its evolving role in contemporary India.
It’s crucial to acknowledge that Hindu pride is not monolithic. It manifests in various ways, from practicing yoga and celebrating festivals to advocating for social reforms within the Hindu community. NRIs, in particular, experience a unique blend of cultural influences and identities, leading to diverse expressions of Hindu pride, often characterised by a nuanced understanding of their heritage.
While the surge in Hindu pride reflects a positive affirmation of identity, it’s essential to address the potential pitfalls. The association of Hindu identity with the BJP and Modi’s policies has led to concerns about Hindu nationalism, majoritarianism, and the marginalisation of other religious and cultural groups.
Going forward, the challenge lies in ensuring that cultural pride doesn’t morph into exclusionary nationalism. India’s strength lies in its rich diversity, and harnessing the power of its historical and cultural heritage needs to be done inclusively, allowing all communities to flourish and contribute to the nation’s vibrant tapestry.
Let us leave you with these words of Hindi poet Abhi Munde, as posted on the YouTube channel Psycho Shayar:
Ye tum logon ke Ram japon mein
Pehlay sa aaraam nahin
Zabardasti ke “Jai Shri Ram” mein sab kuch hain
Bus Ram nahin
(In your chants of Ram
That comfort is missing
In the forced chants of ‘Jai Shri Ram’
There is everything, but Ram)
…
Toh soch samajh kar
Ram kaho tum
(So, think before you take Ram’s name)
…
Jab tak Ram hriday mein nahin
Tum ne Ram pukara nahin
(Till there is nor Ram in your heart,
These chants are not about invoking Ram)
…
Ram se milna hain na tumko
Nischit mandir jaana hoga
Par usse pehle bheetar jaa sangh apne Ram ko laana hoga
(You want to meet Ram?
A visit to the temple is a must
But before that, you would need to introspect and bring your own Ram along)
Sushiila Ttiwari is managing director and Samarender Reddy is director at 7Qube Biz Solutions.