High social costs are associated with renewables as per the latest economic survey but the discrepancies in arriving at them raise questions of data credibility and intent.
The survey claims large tracts of land are needed for solar plants. Credit: Richa Sharma/CSE
The second volume of economic survey released by the Ministry of Finance earlier this month raised issues with investing in renewable energy attributing a social cost of Rs 11 per unit of electricity, three times to that of coal. This gives the wrong signal to the investors, more or less questioning why renewable energy is being pushed so hard.
The estimated social cost of Rs 11 per unit has created confusion and there have been critiques of how this number has been derived. There are several components of this estimate – the private costs of generation, the opportunity cost of land, social cost of carbon, health costs as well as the costs of stranded assets. In simpler terms, it says, more investment in wind and solar would reduce the operation of coal power plants, which in turn will lead to job losses and coal plant loans turning bad in the books of banks. This is similar to the argument US President Donald Trump makes for increasing investment in coal mining jobs.
Missing costs of coal plants
The survey alleges that shift in renewables would leave conventional power plants under utilised, lower than their maximum technically feasible level. The investments made in these plants would be deemed “sunk” and would result in loss of revenue. These stranded assets will impact the banking sector. It is estimated the total advances to coal sector were Rs 5,732 crore with ratio of non-performing assets at 19.8%. Why this was included in social cost estimate is unclear.
The survey says that the social costs would include the opportunity cost of land required for solar. However, no specific cost is mentioned, which some may argue, is the same as the cost private developers pay for it, which is already reflected in the cost of generation, even if it is as low as Rs 2.44. In addition, the opportunity cost of land is not put on the social cost of coal power plants.
Wrong estimates
The estimate assumes that land required of coal power plant is around 2,023 square meters or 0.5 acres per megawatt (MW), while for solar its 10 times in comparison. This is considered a barrier in solar development. According to the Centre for Science and Environment, on an average, coal power plant require 1.7 acres of land per MW but this does not include the area under coal mines, which increases the requirement to 5.95 or 6 acres per MW. According to Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, the land requirement for ground mounted solar is around 5-6 acres per MW.
Apart from underestimated land requirement for coal, the survey also does not consider installations on rooftops and already developed areas, which will reduce the space needed.
According to an analysis by Bridge to India, a renewable consultancy, half the desert area in Barmer, Rajasthan can install 1,000 giga watt (GW) solar. Solar plants largely use barren and unproductive land. Thus, 1000 GW can be installed in the 3.5% of the waste land in the country.
The survey also specified that there are 115,000 pre-mature deaths every year, especially coal miners and estimated the total monetary cost is around US $4.6 billion. Another recent study published in Lancet Respiratory Medicine journal claimed that 800,000 deaths in India occur due to ‘chronic obstructive pulmonary disease’, and 100,000 more due to asthma. It is a safe assumption that a percentage of these deaths are caused due to pollution caused by these thermal power plants. This move seems counter-productive to ambitious stance taken by the Modi government.
Renewable sector enjoys some incentives like the priority access to the grid. These benefits or subsidies are being phased out gradually as stated in the draft National Energy Policy. Subsidy for solar has been reduced from Rs 450 crore in 2015-16 to Rs 15 crore in 2017-18. The remaining Rs 405 crore has been attributed to wind for ‘generation-based incentives’ even as the scheme has been scrapped. From April 1 this year, tariffs from wind would be settled through reverse bidding.
The survey cautions investment in renewable energy and suggests a “calibrated” approach due to the total cost accrued to the society. In essence, it suggests to slow down the pace of renewable energy development. The survey mentions that while renewable energy would form 43% of the installed capacity in the country in 2027, the share in electricity supply would be around 25%. So, it is evident that coal power would be playing a significant role in the future as well.
Given the intermittent nature of solar and wind energy, India would depend on coal or storage for regular supply of electricity. So, it is difficult to understand why these misleading estimates of social costs have been added to renewable energy burden when it is clear that coal is always going to dominate India’s energy mix. India is one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change and we should be doing everything in our power to move away from coal, towards renewable energy.
This article was originally published in Down to Earth.